Who Is The Best Dental Temporary Service In Colorado

United States disaster response agency, part of Department of Homeland Security

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Agency overview

Formed	April 1, 1979; 42 years agone (1979-04-01) ^[one]
Jurisdiction	United States Section of Homeland Security
Headquarters	Washington, D.C., U.S.
Motto	Prepared. Responsive. Committed.
Employees	xi,300+ (FY 2020)
Annual upkeep	$28.7 billion (FY 2020)^[2] ^[3] ^[4]
Agency executive	Deanne Criswell, Administrator
Parent department	U.Due south. Section of Homeland Security
Website	world wide web.fema.gov

The Federal Emergency Direction Agency (FEMA) is an agency of the United States Section of Homeland Security (DHS), initially created under President Jimmy Carter by Presidential Reorganization Program No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by two Executive Orders on April 1, 1979.^[one] The agency's primary purpose is to coordinate the response to a disaster that has occurred in the United States and that overwhelms the resource of local and land authorities. The governor of the country in which the disaster occurs must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the President that FEMA and the federal government respond to the disaster. The only exception to the state'south gubernatorial announcement requirement occurs when an emergency or disaster takes place on federal belongings or to a federal nugget—for example, the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma Urban center, Oklahoma, or the Space Shuttle Columbia in the 2003 render-flight disaster.

While on-the-ground back up of disaster recovery efforts is a major part of FEMA's charter, the bureau provides state and local governments with experts in specialized fields and funding for rebuilding efforts and relief funds for infrastructure by directing individuals to admission low-interest loans, in conjunction with the Small Business concern Administration. In addition to this, FEMA provides funds for training of response personnel throughout the United states and its territories equally part of the bureau'due south preparedness effort.

History [edit]

Federal emergency management in the U.S. has existed in 1 grade or another for over 200 years.^[5]

Prior to 1930s [edit]

A series of devastating fires struck the port city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, early in the 19th century. The 7th U.South. Congress passed a mensurate in 1803 that provided relief for Portsmouth merchants by extending the fourth dimension they had for remitting tariffs on imported goods. This is widely considered the start slice of legislation passed by the federal regime that provided relief later a disaster.^[half-dozen]

Between 1803 and 1930, advertizement hoc legislation was passed more than than 100 times for relief or compensation later on a disaster. Examples include the waiving of duties and tariffs to the merchants of New York City after the Great Fire of New York (1835). Later the collapse of the John T. Ford'southward Theater in June 1893, the 54th Congress passed legislation compensating those who were injured in the edifice.^[seven]

Piecemeal approach (1930s–1960s) [edit]

After the start of the Groovy Depression in 1929, President Herbert Hoover had commissioned the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932.^[8] The purpose of the RFC was to lend coin to banks and institutions to stimulate economical activeness. RFC was also responsible for dispensing federal dollars in the wake of a disaster. RFC can be considered the first organized federal disaster response agency.

The Bureau of Public Roads in 1934 was given authority to finance the reconstruction of highways and roads after a disaster. The Overflowing Control Act of 1944 also gave the U.South. Army Corps of Engineers authorisation over alluvion command and irrigation projects and thus played a major role in disaster recovery from flooding.^[ix]

Department of Housing and Urban Development (1973–1979) [edit]

Federal disaster relief and recovery was brought under the umbrella of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), in 1973 by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973,^[ten] and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration was created equally an organizational unit inside the section. This agency would oversee disasters until its incorporation into FEMA in 1978.^[10]

Prior to implementation of Reorganization Plan No. three of 1978 by E.O. 12127 and E.O. 12148, many regime agencies were still involved in disaster relief; in some cases, more than 100 separate agencies might be jockeying for control and jurisdiction of a disaster.^[11]

Over the years, Congress increasingly extended the range of covered categories for assistance, and several presidential executive orders did the same. Past enacting these various forms of legislative management, Congress established a category for almanac monetary amounts of assistance to victims of diverse types of hazards or disasters, information technology specified the qualifications, then it established or delegated the responsibilities to various federal and not-federal agencies.^[12]

In time, this expanded assortment of agencies themselves underwent reorganization. One of the first such federal agencies was the Federal Civil Defense Administration, which operated within the Executive Office of the President. Functions to administer disaster relief were and so given to the President himself, who delegated to the Housing and Home Finance Administration. Subsequently, a new role of the Office of Defense Mobilization was created. Then, the new Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, managed by the EOP; later that, the Office of Civil and Defence Mobilization, which renamed the onetime bureau; so, the Office of Civil Defence force, under the Department of Defense (DoD); the Section of Health, Educational activity and Welfare (HEW); the Department of Agriculture; the Function of Emergency Planning (OEmP); the Defence force Ceremonious Preparedness Bureau (replacing the OCD in the DoD); the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Full general Services Administration (GSA) (upon termination of the OEmP).^[12]

These actions demonstrated that, during those years, the nation's domestic preparedness was addressed by several disparate legislative actions, motivated past policy and monetary earmarking, and not by a single, unifying, comprehensive strategy to meet the nation'south needs over time.^[13] So, in 1978 an effort was made to consolidate the several singular functions; FEMA was created to house civil defense and disaster preparedness under one roof. This was a very controversial decision.^[12]

FEMA equally an contained bureau (1979–2003) [edit]

The FEMA seal before 2003.

The FEMA flag before 2003.

FEMA was established under the 1978 Reorganization Plan No. iii and was activated by President Jimmy Carter in an Executive Guild on Apr i, 1979.

In July, Carter signed Executive Social club 12148 shifting disaster relief efforts to the new federal-level agency. FEMA absorbed the Federal Insurance Administration, the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, the National Weather Service Customs Preparedness Program, the Federal Preparedness Agency of the General Services Administration and the Federal Disaster Assist Administration activities from HUD. FEMA was as well given the responsibility for overseeing the nation's Civil Defense, a function which had previously been performed by the Section of Defense'southward Defense Civil Preparedness Bureau.

One of the disasters FEMA responded to was the dumping of toxic waste into Beloved Canal in Niagara Falls, New York, in the late 1970s. FEMA too responded to the 3 Mile Island nuclear blow where the nuclear-generating station suffered a fractional cadre meltdown. These disasters, while showing the agency could part properly, also uncovered some inefficiencies.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1993, President Nib Clinton appointed James Lee Witt as FEMA Director. In 1996, the bureau was elevated to chiffonier rank;^[14] this was not continued by President George W. Bush.^[15] Witt initiated reforms that would help to streamline the disaster recovery and mitigation process. The stop of the Cold War also immune the bureau's resource to be turned away from ceremonious defence to natural disaster preparedness.^[xi]

Later on FEMA'due south cosmos through reorganization and executive orders, Congress continued to aggrandize FEMA's authority by assigning responsibilities to it. Those responsibilities include dam safety under the National Dam Safety Program Act; disaster assist under the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Help Act; convulsion hazards reduction under the Convulsion Hazards Reduction Human action of 1977 and further expanded by Executive Lodge 12699, regarding condom requirements for federal buildings and Executive Society 12941, concerning the need for price estimates to seismically retrofit federal buildings; emergency food and shelter under the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assist Act of 1987; hazardous materials, nether the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Human activity.

In addition, FEMA received authority for counterterrorism through the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici amendment nether the Weapons of Mass Devastation Act of 1996, which was a response to the recognized vulnerabilities of the U.S. after the sarin gas assault on the Tokyo subway in 1995.^[thirteen]

Congress funded FEMA through a combination of regular appropriations and emergency funding in response to events.^[xvi]

FEMA under Department of Homeland Security (2003–present) [edit]

Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to better coordinate among the different federal agencies that deal with police force enforcement, disaster preparedness and recovery, border protection and civil defense. FEMA was absorbed into DHS effective March one, 2003.^[17] Equally a result, FEMA became role of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate of Department of Homeland Security, employing more than than 2,600 full-time employees. It became the Federal Emergency Management Agency over again on March 31, 2007, but remained in DHS.^[eighteen]

President Bush appointed Michael D. Brown as FEMA's manager in January 2003. Chocolate-brown warned in September 2003 that FEMA's absorption into DHS would brand a mockery of FEMA'south new motto, "A Nation Prepared", and would "fundamentally sever FEMA from its core functions", "shatter bureau morale" and "break longstanding, effective and tested relationships with states and first responder stakeholders". The inevitable result of the reorganization of 2003, warned Dark-brown, would be "an ineffective and uncoordinated response" to a terrorist assault or a natural disaster.^[19]

Hurricane Katrina in 2005 demonstrated that the vision of further unification of functions and another reorganization could not address the problems FEMA had previously faced. The "Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Grooming for and Response to Hurricane Katrina", released February 15, 2006, past the U.S. Government Printing Office, revealed that federal funding to states for "all hazards" disaster preparedness needs was non awarded unless the local agencies made the purposes for the funding a "only terrorism" function.^[xx] Emergency management professionals testified that funds for preparedness for natural hazards were given less priority than preparations for counter-terrorism measures. Testimony too expressed the stance that the mission to mitigate vulnerability and prepare for natural risk disasters before they occurred had been separated from disaster preparedness functions, making the nation more vulnerable to known hazards, similar hurricanes.^[21]

Later allegations of mismanagement during Hurricane Katrina, the National Disaster Medical Organisation (NDMS) was transferred from the Section of Homeland Security to the Department of Wellness and Homo Services by the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Human activity, signed by President George Due west. Bush-league on December 18, 2006.

In fall 2008, FEMA took over coordination of the Ready Entrada, the national public service advertisement campaign in collaboration with the Advertizement Quango, to educate and empower Americans to prepare for and answer to emergencies including natural and man-made disasters. The Ready Entrada and its Castilian-language version Listo asks individuals to do three things: build an emergency supply kit,^[22] make a family unit emergency plan^[23] and exist informed about the different types of emergencies that tin can occur and how to reply.^[24] The entrada messages have been promoted through television set, radio, print, outdoor and web PSAs,^[25] every bit well equally brochures, toll-costless telephone lines and the English language and Castilian language websites.

The Post-Katrina Emergency Direction Reform Act of 2006 added a Surge Capacity Forcefulness, which allows the Department of Homeland Security to supplement FEMA employees with boosted personnel from various federal departments in the event the bureau is overwhelmed. The Force has been activated for Hurricane Sandy, Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Maria, and the 2017 California wildfires.^[26]

The Stafford Act was amended by the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act (PETS Act) in 2006, and the Disaster Recovery Reform Deed (DRRA) in 2018.

FEMA was put in charge of procuring medical supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic.^[27]

System [edit]

During the debate of the Homeland Security Human action of 2002, some called for FEMA to remain as an independent agency. Post-obit the failed response to Hurricane Katrina, critics called for FEMA to be removed from the Department of Homeland Security.^[28] Today FEMA exists as a major bureau of the Department of Homeland Security. The Administrator for Federal Emergency Management reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. In March 2003, FEMA joined 22 other federal agencies, programs and offices in becoming the Department of Homeland Security. The new department, headed by Secretary Tom Ridge, brought a coordinated approach to national security from emergencies and disasters – both natural and man-fabricated.

FEMA manages the National Flood Insurance Program. Other programs FEMA previously administered have since been internalized or shifted under straight DHS control.

FEMA is besides home to the National Continuity Programs Directorate (formerly the Office of National Security Coordination). ONSC was responsible for developing, exercising, and validating agency-wide continuity of authorities plans likewise as overseeing and maintaining continuity readiness including the Mount Atmospheric condition Emergency Operations Middle. ONSC also coordinated the continuing efforts of other Federal Executive Agencies.

FEMA began administering the Center for Domestic Preparedness in 2007.

Upkeep [edit]

In 2018, FEMA had an almanac budget of $eighteen billion^[2] that is used and distributed in different states according to the emergencies that occur in each ane. An almanac list of the apply of these funds is disclosed at the cease of the yr on FEMA'southward website.^[29] ^[30] ^[31] ^[32]

Regions [edit]

Regional map^[33]
- Region ane, Boston, MA – Serving CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT
- Region two, New York, NY Serving NJ, NY, PR, USVI
- Region three, Philadelphia, PA Serving DC, DE, MD, PA, VA, WV
- Region 4, Atlanta, GA Serving AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN
- Region five, Chicago, IL Serving IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI
- Region half-dozen, Denton, TX Serving AR, LA, NM, OK, TX
- Region 7, Kansas City, MO Serving IA, KS, MO, NE
- Region 8, Denver, CO Serving CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY
- Region nine, Oakland, CA Serving AZ, CA, HI, NV, GU, Equally, CNMI, RMI, FM
- Region 9, PAO Serving Every bit, CNMI, GU, HI
- Region 10, Bothell, WA Serving AK, ID, OR, WA

Pre-disaster mitigation programs [edit]

FEMA's Mitigation Directorate^[34] is responsible for programs that take action before a disaster, in gild to place risks and reduce injuries, loss of property, and recovery time.^[35] The agency has major analysis programs for floods, hurricanes and tropical storms, dams, and earthquakes.^[35] ^[36]

FEMA works to ensure affordable alluvion insurance is bachelor to homeowners in flood plains, through the National Flood Insurance Program, and also works to enforce no-build zones in known flood plains and relocate or elevate some at-risk structures.^[37]

Pre-Disaster Mitigation grants are available to acquire property for conversion to open up infinite, retrofit existing buildings, construct tornado and storm shelters, manage vegetation for erosion and fire control, and minor flood control projects.^[38] Critics say this program is underperforming because it is starved for funding compared to disaster response and recovery, the process of applying for a buyout is unreasonably slow, and is wasting taxpayer dollars because the National Flood Insurance Program has paid to reconstruct some backdrop up to xviii times.^[39] ane% of NFIP-insured properties are responsible for more than than one quarter of the month the program has paid out.^[40]

Response capabilities [edit]

FEMA'south emergency response is based on minor, decentralized teams trained in such areas as the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), Urban Search and Rescue (USAR), Disaster Mortuary Operations Response Squad (DMORT), Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT), and Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS).

National Response Coordination Center (NRCC) [edit]

FEMA's National Response Coordination Middle (NRCC) is a multiagency heart located at FEMA HQ that coordinates the overall Federal back up for major disasters and emergencies, including catastrophic incidents in support of operations at the regional level. The FEMA Administrator,^[41] or his or her delegate, activates the NRCC in anticipation of, or in response to, an incident by activating the NRCC staff, which includes FEMA personnel, the appropriate Emergency Support Functions, and other appropriate personnel (including nongovernmental arrangement and private sector representatives). During the initial stages of a response, FEMA will, as office of the whole community, focus on projected, potential, or escalating critical incident activities. The NRCC coordinates with the afflicted region(south) and provides needed resource and policy guidance in support of incident-level operations. The NRCC staff specifically provides emergency management coordination, planning, resource deployment, and collects and disseminates incident information as it builds and maintains situational sensation—all at the national-level.^[42] FEMA maintains the NRCC as a functional component of the NOC for incident support operations.^[43] ^[44]

An example of NRCC activity is the coordination of emergency direction activities that took place in connection with the 2013 Colorado floods.^[45]

Disaster Medical Help Teams [edit]

Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) provide medical care at disasters and are typically fabricated upwardly of doctors and paramedics. There are likewise National Nursing Response Teams (NNRT), National Pharmacy Response Teams (NPRT) and Veterinary Medical Aid Teams (VMAT). Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORT) provide mortuary and forensic services. National Medical Response Teams (NMRT) are equipped to decontaminate victims of chemical and biological agents.

Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) [edit]

The Urban Search and Rescue Job Forces perform rescue of victims from structural collapses, confined spaces, and other disasters, for instance, mine collapses and earthquakes.

Mobile Emergency Response Back up (MERS) [edit]

Presidential mobile phone alert for national emergencies.

FEMA vehicle provides communications support after a major hurricane.

These teams provide communications back up to local public safety. For instance, they may operate a truck with satellite uplink, computers, phone, and ability generation at a staging area about a disaster so that the responders tin can communicate with the outside globe. There are likewise Mobile Air Transportable Telecommunication Organisation (MATTS) assets which can be airlifted in. As well, portable cell phone towers can be erected to permit local responders to access telephone systems.

The starting time exam of the national wireless emergency system by FEMA was broadcast to an estimated 225 meg electronic devices at xiv:xviii EDT on October iii, 2018. The text message was accompanied by a flashing warning sign and warning tone. The president may direct FEMA to broadcast such alerts merely for national emergencies or if the public is in danger. The facility may not be used for personal messages from the president. Mobile phone owners can not opt out of these warnings.^[46] ^[47]

Preparedness for nuclear incidents [edit]

On Baronial one, 2008, FEMA released "Planning Guidance for Protection and Recovery Following Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) incidents",^[48] which provide an action guide in the case of radioactive contamination. This guidance is specified as action guide for Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Devices (IND) involving loftier levels of radiation. According to the Federation of American Scientists, during the Cold War FEMA prepared assessments of the likely consequences of a total-scale Soviet nuclear attack on the United States for use in planning mitigation and recovery efforts.^[49] FEMA besides prepared plans for evacuating major U.South. cities in response to a nuclear state of war, dubbed CRP-2B.^[50]

Training [edit]

FEMA offers a large number of preparation classes, either at its ain centers, through programs at the state level, in cooperation with colleges and universities, or online. The latter are costless classes bachelor to anyone, although just those with U.S. residency or work eligibility can take the final examinations. More data is available on the FEMA website under the "Emergency Personnel" and "Training" subheadings. Other emergency response information for citizens is likewise bachelor at its website.

FEMA runs the Incident Workforce Academy, a ii-week emergency preparedness grooming programme for FEMA employees. The first class of the university graduated in early on 2014.^[51]

The Training and Pedagogy Division inside FEMA's National Integration Heart directly funds training for responders and provides guidance on training-related expenditures under FEMA'due south grant programs. Information on designing constructive preparation for first responders is bachelor from the Preparation and Education Sectionalization. Emergency managers and other interested members of the public can take contained study courses for certification at FEMA'due south online Emergency Direction Found.

Emergency Management Institute training and certifications [edit]

EMI offers credentials and training opportunities for Us Citizens. Note that students practice not have to be employed past FEMA or be a federal employee for some of the programs. Nonetheless, they do demand to create a FEMA SID to accept the terminal exams^[52]

EMI maintains a strategic partnerships with Frederick Community College. FCC has contracted with the Emergency Management Institute to provide college credit for the Independent Report Program (Isp). FCC offers viii specialized Letters of Recognition, an Undergraduate Certificate, and an Acquaintance of Practical Science degree in Emergency Management.^[53]

FEMA Corps [edit]

FEMA Corps, who range in age from 18 to 24 years old, is a cadre defended to disaster response and recovery. Information technology is a new partnership between The Corporation for National and Community Service'due south AmeriCorps NCCC and FEMA.^[54] The Corps described as a "dedicated, trained, and reliable disaster workforce" works total-time for 10 months on federal disaster response and recovery efforts. Over 150 members of the countdown FEMA Corps class graduated in June 2013, at the AmeriCorps NCCC campus in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Corps work on teams of 8 to 12 people and follow the traditional NCCC model of living together and traveling together. In add-on to working with FEMA, corps members must perform AmeriCorps responsibilities such as Physical Training three times a week, National Days of Service, and Private Service Projects in communities throughout the Us. The Corps receives $4.75 a mean solar day for food and a living stipend of approximately $4,000 over 10 months. An instruction award is distributed to corps members who successfully serve ten months of service, completing 1,700 total hours.^[55]

FEMA Corps Pacific Region Blue Unit

Donations direction [edit]

FEMA has led a Public-Private Partnership in creating a National Donations Management Programme making it easier for corporations or individuals not previously engaged to make offers of free assistance to States and the Federal Government in times of disaster. The program is a partnership amidst FEMA, relief agencies, corporations/corporate associations and participating state governments.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Criticisms [edit]

Hurricane Andrew [edit]

In August 1992, Hurricane Andrew struck the Florida and Louisiana coasts with 165 mph (265 km/h) sustained winds. FEMA was widely criticized for its response to Andrew, summed upward by the famous exclamation, "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one?" past Kate Hale, emergency management director for Dade County, Florida. FEMA and the federal government at large were defendant of not responding fast enough to house, feed and sustain the approximately 250,000 people left homeless in the affected areas. Within five days the federal authorities and neighboring states had dispatched 20,000 National Baby-sit and active duty troops to Southward Dade County to set temporary housing. This outcome and FEMA's operation was reviewed by the National University of Public Assistants in its February 1993 report "Coping With Catastrophe" which identified several basic paradigms in Emergency Management and FEMA administration that were causes of the failed response.

FEMA had previously been criticized for its response to Hurricane Hugo, which hitting South Carolina in September 1989, and many of the same issues that plagued the agency during Hurricane Andrew were also evident during the response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Additionally, upon incorporation into DHS, FEMA was legally dissolved and a new Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate was established in DHS to replace it. Following enactment of the Postal service-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Human action of 2006 FEMA was reestablished as an entity within DHS, on March 31, 2007.

Southern Florida Hurricanes [edit]

South Florida newspaper Sun-Scout has an extensive listing of documented criticisms of FEMA during the four hurricanes that hit the region in 2004.^[56] Some of the criticisms include:

When Hurricane Frances hit S Florida on Labor Day weekend (over 100 miles north of Miami-Dade County), 9,800 Miami-Dade applicants were approved by FEMA for $21 million in tempest claims for new article of furniture; clothes; thousands of new televisions, microwaves and refrigerators; cars; dental bills; and a funeral fifty-fifty though the Medical Examiner recorded no deaths from Frances. A U.Southward. Senate committee and the inspector general of the Department of Homeland Security institute that FEMA inappropriately alleged Miami-Dade county a disaster area and then awarded millions, often without verifying storm damage or a need for assistance.^[57] ^[58]
FEMA used hurricane aid coin to pay funeral expenses for at least 203 Floridians whose deaths were not caused by the 2004 hurricanes, the land'due south coroners have ended. Ten of the people whose funerals were paid for were not in Florida at the time of their deaths.^[59]

The rising sea levels, global temperatures, and increment of flooding and severe storms has chosen for a alter within the procedure of inundation insurance. The communities that are directly impacted by these changes include coastal communities, and waterfront homes. The procedural blueprint of flood insurance is done through FEMA's ( Federal Emergency Management Agency) National Flood Insurance Program. Previously the Insurance Program created in 1968 was constructed effectually the "100-year floodplain" which is the "expanse that would be inundated past the 100-year flood, better thought of equally an area that has a i percent or greater take a chance of experiencing a alluvion in any single year,"^[threescore] and large subsidies for coastal homes, peculiarly in Florida. Notwithstanding, in 2019, major changes have been made, and the new plan called Risk Rating two.0 was introduced, which prices a house on its individual flood risk.^[61] It volition account for the distance your business firm is from a flood source, the types and frequency of flooding, and characteristics of the cost to rebuild. This new programme will greatly impact states similar Florida that accept intense risk of hurricanes and sea level rise. Through the initial program, the homes on the coast were mostly being subsidized at the toll of the homeowners more inland, and more probable lower-income and people of color. Even so, as previously stated, with Chance Rating 2.0, homeowners in higher risk areas of greater flooding volition exist paying for that risk through insurance, and with that may come with re-evaluating the longevity of one'south identify on the coasts of Florida. On the other hand, with FEMA'due south programme every bit a national plan, we see different impacts in places like New England.^[62] It has been indicated that states similar Maine will be greatly impacted positively past the new program. The bays, inlets, and coves are proved to be practiced protective measures for most waterfront properties. In add-on to Maine, states similar Iowa and Nebraska will see impacts to their flood insurance policies. It is stated that nigh 50% of Nebraskans and 40% of Iowans volition run into a decrease in their policies.^[63] Overall nosotros see many different types of complications to this new ready, such as retirees on fixed incomes, long-term mortgages, and depreciation of household value. As this program is relatively new, impacts of the program will be continued to be seen in the following years.

Hurricane Katrina [edit]

FEMA received intense criticism for its response to the Hurricane Katrina disaster in August 2005. FEMA had pre-positioned response personnel in the Gulf Declension region. Nonetheless, many could not render direct assistance and were able to report just on the dire situation along the Gulf Coast, particularly from New Orleans. Within three days, a large contingent of National Guard and active duty troops were deployed to the region.

The enormous number of evacuees merely overwhelmed rescue personnel. The situation was compounded past inundation waters in the city that hampered transportation and poor communication amongst the federal authorities, state, and local entities. FEMA was widely criticized for what is seen equally a wearisome initial response to the disaster and an inability to effectively manage, care for, and move those who were trying to leave the urban center.

Then-FEMA Managing director Michael D. Brownish was criticized personally for a tiresome response and an apparent disconnection with the situation. Chocolate-brown would somewhen be relieved of command of the Katrina disaster and before long thereafter resigned.

Co-ordinate to the U.South. House of Representatives Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina:^[64]

"The Secretary Department of Homeland Security should have designated the Principal Federal Official on Saturday, ii days prior to landfall, from the roster of PFOs who had successfully completed the required training, unlike and then FEMA Director Michael Brown. Considerable defoliation was acquired past the Secretary'due south PFO decisions."
"DHS and FEMA lacked adequate trained and experienced staff for the Katrina response."
"The readiness of FEMA'due south national emergency response teams was inadequate and reduced the effectiveness of the federal response."
"Long-standing weaknesses and the magnitude of the disaster overwhelmed FEMA's ability to provide emergency shelter and temporary housing."
"FEMA logistics and contracting systems did not support a targeted, massive, and sustained provision of bolt."
"Earlier Katrina, FEMA suffered from a lack of sufficiently trained procurement professionals."

A DMAT member assures a rescued human that the trip to the drome will be condom.

Other failings were also noted. The Committee devoted an entire section of the report to listing the actions of FEMA.^[65] Their conclusion was:

For years emergency management professionals accept been warning that FEMA'southward preparedness has eroded. Many believe this erosion is a result of the separation of the preparedness function from FEMA, the drain of long-term professional person staff along with their institutional knowledge and expertise, and the inadequate readiness of FEMA's national emergency response teams. The combination of these staffing, grooming, and organizational structures made FEMA's inadequate performance in the face of a disaster the size of Katrina all but inevitable.^[65]

Pursuant to a temporary restraining order issued by Hon. Stanwood R. Duval, United States Commune Court Judge, Eastern District of Louisiana as a issue of the McWaters v. FEMA class-action, Feb 7, 2006 was gear up every bit the deadline for the official end of whatsoever farther coverage of temporary housing costs for Katrina victims.^[66] ^[67]

After the February vii deadline, Katrina victims were left to their own devices either to detect permanent housing for the long term or to continue in social welfare programs set up by other organizations. There were many Katrina evacuees living in temporary shelters or trailer parks prepare upwards by FEMA and other relief organizations in the outset months after the disaster striking, but much more were withal unable to find housing.

In July 2007, ice that had been ordered for Katrina victims but had never been used and kept in storage facilities, at a toll of $12.5 million, was melted downwards.^[68]

In June 2008, a CNN investigation plant that FEMA gave abroad nigh $85 1000000 in household goods meant for Hurricane Katrina victims to 16 other states.^[69]

Buffalo snowstorm [edit]

FEMA came nether attack for their response to the October Surprise Storm in Buffalo, New York, on October 13, 2006. Equally FEMA legally cannot interfere with state business organization unless asked, FEMA responded that equally per procedure, the governor of the country of New York, George Pataki, had not asked for FEMA's assist. FEMA Headquarters had been in abiding contact with State congressional offices providing them with the latest information bachelor. Claims state that FEMA officials did not arrive until Oct 16, three days after the storm hit. The snowstorm damage past this fourth dimension included downed power wires, downed trees, and caused structural damage to homes and businesses.^[70]

Dumas, Arkansas tornadoes [edit]

Many people of Dumas, Arkansas, especially victims of tornadoes on February 24, 2007, criticized FEMA'southward response in not supplying the number of new trailers they needed, and sending only a set of used trailers, lower than the needed quantity. Following the tempest, U.S Senator Mark Pryor had criticized FEMA's response to the recovery and cleanup efforts.^[71]

California wildfires [edit]

FEMA came under intense criticism when information technology was revealed that a press conference on the October 2007 California wildfires was staged. Deputy Administrator Harvey E. Johnson was answering questions from FEMA employees who were posing as reporters. Many of these questions were "softball" questions (i.east., "Are you happy with FEMA'southward response so far?"), intentionally asked in a way that would evoke a positive response giving the impression that FEMA was doing everything right. In this way, any scrutiny from real reporters (many of whom were given but a 15-infinitesimal discover) would have been avoided. Fox News, MSNBC, and other media outlets aired the staged press briefing live.^[72] Real reporters were notified only 15 minutes in advance and were able to telephone call into merely a conference line, which was fix to "listen-only" way. The only people there were primarily FEMA public diplomacy employees.^[73]

Hurricane Maria [edit]

In September 2017, Hurricane Maria struck Dominica and Puerto Rico with 175 mph (280 km/h) sustained winds. Maria was the fifth-strongest tempest to ever strike the United States with stronger winds than those brought by Irma and like rain brought to Houston past Hurricane Harvey.^[74] Despite FEMA'due south preemptive efforts in Puerto Rico, the island was still devastated beyond expectation. The agency had prepared some provisions for displaced residents before the tempest struck, including: roughly 124 FEMA staff members being positioned on the isle, food, water, and bedding.^[74] However, people reported the FEMA food packages were unhealthy snacks such every bit the confectionery Skittles.^[75] FEMA was widely criticized for its response to Maria, equally the isle quickly fell into a humanitarian crisis.^[76]

The island as well experienced a massive loss of power every bit a result of alluvion and current of air damage sustained during Maria. In the beginning of October 2017, Lieutenant Full general Todd Semonite, chief and commanding general of the Us Army Corps of Engineers, explained the extent of and necessity of aid for this power crisis. Semonite described some specifics of the outage to reporters, explaining that the island requires "2,700 megawatts of electricity to operate and at last count had 376 megawatts bachelor." This translates to well-nigh 14 percent of the filigree beingness functional.^[78]

FEMA Ambassador William "Brock" Long told reporters in a briefing post-obit the storm that Puerto Rico politics had hindered the ability of the federal regime to transport assistance. He explained that political divisions had prevented unity for leaders in this time of crisis, describing that their issue was "even worse" than the mainland U.s.' issue between Democrats and Republicans. Residents, in some cases, were required to fill out paperwork in English rather than Spanish with little to no hope of receiving the aid they had requested.^[78]

Brigadier General Jose Reyes of the Puerto Rico National Guard discussed a strategy to quicken the inflow of resources via the Port of Ponce, located on the southern coast of Puerto Rico.^[79] Reyes as well attributed the filibuster in these services to the unprecedented serial of storms that demanded attention from the agency within a short period of fourth dimension. Regarding this, Full general Reyes told reporters " We were not even getting dorsum on our feet after Irma, then suddenly we got hit by Maria." He also addressed the disparities between aid sent to mainland disaster-stricken areas and Puerto Rico, explaining that in areas such as Florida and Texas, who had recently struck with similar damages, transportation of resources is relatively simpler. This is considering they are able to employ infrastructure to send aid. Transporting similar resource to Puerto Rico has proved to exist more than difficult, as they must travel across the body of water, either in aircraft or in ships.^[78] Long also mentioned that Puerto Rico's international drome was not able to operate at total capacity, which posed an additional obstacle for federal aid imports.

Long resigned on March 8, 2019, following criticism of his treatment of Hurricane Maria and an upstanding complaint over misuse of official vehicles, costing $151,000.^[80] Homeland Security Secretarial assistant Kirstjen Nielsen said that Long would have to reimburse the government for the price of the vehicles and staff involved in the trips, many of which were between Washington and his home in N Carolina. Nielsen submitted her ain resignation as Secretary of Homeland Security less than a calendar month later on April vii, 2019.^[81]

Hurricane Harvey [edit]

Hurricane Harvey made landfall in belatedly August 2017 as a Category four Hurricane with 130 mph (215 km/h) sustained winds. The Hurricane predominantly affected southeast Texas; however, its furnishings were felt as far as Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee in the form of flash flooding.^[82] Harvey slowly progressed around southeast Texas, where information technology produced heavy precipitation over the region. This acquired heavy flooding in residential areas such equally Colorado City, Freedom, and Montgomery, Texas.^[82] ^[83]

Harvey was the offset of a series of hurricanes and tropical storms to bear upon the The states between August and September 2017. The effects of these storms included extreme flooding, impairment from loftier speed winds, structural damage, and humanitarian concerns regarding the availability of basic necessities such equally nutrient, water, and shelter.^[84] ^[85]

Some recipients were forced to wait upwards to ii months before receiving assistance from FEMA, equally technical complications held up both their awarding for information technology and the processing of said applications. Some residents were denied Federal Help and take to dispute their denial in efforts to rebuild and repair properties without taking a considerably large financial loss.

Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) [edit]

In early April 2020, the Los Angeles Times reported that the Trump administration was "quietly" seizing medical supplies from states and hospitals, citing hospital and clinic officials catering to 7 states. These officials stated that the administration has not informed them how they tin can otherwise get access to their ordered supplies. A FEMA representative said the agency, working with the Department of Wellness and Man Services and the Department of Defense force, has developed a system for identifying needed supplies from vendors and distributing them equitably. The federal government too seized an club for thermometers meant for Florida, an social club for masks from the Texas Association of Customs Health Centers, and an order for testing supplies meant for the PeaceHealth hospital system in Washington, Oregon and Alaska.^[86] On April 24, San Francisco Mayor London Breed said "We've had situations when things we've ordered that have gone through Customs were confiscated by FEMA to be diverted to other locations. We know everyone is dealing with a serious challenge. Through Customs, we've had situations where those items have been taken and put out on the market place for the highest bidder, putting cities against cities and states against states."^[87] Massachusetts Secretarial assistant of Health and Man Services Marylou Sudders cited a shipment of 3 million masks that the country had negotiated to buy from BJ's Wholesale Gild, until the federal government impounded them from the Port of New York and New Bailiwick of jersey on March eighteen. A further social club from MSC Industrial Supply for 400 masks to be delivered on March 20 was also claimed by the federal authorities using force majeure.^[88] Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker reached out to the New England Patriots professional American football team, who used the squad plane "AirKraft" to bring approximately 1.two million N95 masks from Red china to Boston.^[89] The state of Colorado was set to buy 500 ventilators before the Federal Emergency Direction Bureau swooped in and bought them starting time. Trump announced on Twitter that the federal government would be sending 100 ventilators to Colorado at the request of Senator Cory Gardner.^[90] The incident caused Colorado Governor Polis to make future supply purchases in secret.^[91]

In belatedly April, v,000,000 masks meant for hospitals of the Veterans Health Administration were seized by FEMA and redirected to the Strategic National Stockpile, stated Richard Stone, Executive in Accuse, Veterans Wellness Administration.^[92] After an appeal from Veterans Affairs Secretarial assistant Robert Wilkie to FEMA, the agency provided the VA with 500,000 masks.^[92]

Federalism and FEMA [edit]

The costs of a disaster to states and localities can pile upwards quickly. Federal assistance becomes fully available with the approval of the President and at the request of the governor. Public assistance for governments to repair facilities is 75% federally funded with local governments responsible for covering the rest (unless the land grants aid or loans). FEMA does not recoup for buildings that have been improperly maintained by the state or local government nor does it pay to upgrade or improve facilities. FEMA coordinates but does non fund disaster assistance provided by the Small-scale Business Administration or the Farmers Home Administration. FEMA grant-in aid funds come from revenue sharing, the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Department of Transportation. Grants for disaster preparedness can be used by alluvion control districts.^[93]

Many states have disaster relief agencies of their ain. In the upshot of a disaster outside of a country's operating capacity, the manager of said agency will advise the Governor whether or not to proclaim a country of emergency. Declaring a country of emergency, upon Presidential approving, entitles a land to federal assistance. It is of import to note that proclaiming a country of emergency does not guarantee federal help. States besides rely on mutual assistance agreements, such equally the Civil Defense and Disaster Compact. A mutual assist agreement tin can exist between neighboring states, cities, counties and cities, states and cities or an entire region. These agreements allow agencies to share resource so they are better prepared for emergencies.^[94]

Local governments have the virtually immediate responsibility. 4 factors shape local disaster response:

The extent of tax base of operations depletion
The scope of lost sales tax revenue
Access to other forms of acquirement
Amount of city debt

Having a mostly intact tax base of operations allows local governments to maintain steady revenue stream. Concern unharmed by a disaster volition be able to continue to generate sales tax acquirement. Cities with access to big acquirement reserves and strong common aid agreements volition accept greater response chapters. While cities with large municipal debt that would be unable to pay back state or federal loans would exist in a difficult situation.^[95]

U.Due south. v. Parish of Jefferson et al [edit]

This case gave FEMA the right to sue in like society to recover funds paid out in alluvion insurance claims for flood damage as a outcome of poor decisions by local officials and developers. The case also gave FEMA the power to sue localities who neglect to meet flood manifestly management requirements.^[95]

List of FEMA heads [edit]

Director of the Role of Emergency Preparedness (within the Full general Services Administration)
Officeholder	From	To
James Hafer	May 1975	April 1, 1979
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Independent bureau; Cabinet-level from February 26, 1996 – January xx, 2001)^[14] ^[xv]
Officer	From	To
Gordon Vickery Acting	April i, 1979	July 1979
Thomas Casey Acting	July 1979	August 1979
John Macy	August 1979	January xx, 1981
Bernard Gallagher Interim	January xx, 1981	Apr 1981
John McConnell Interim	April 1981	May 1981
Louis O. Giuffrida	May 1981	September 1, 1985
Robert Morris Acting	September 1, 1985	November 1985
Julius West. Becton Jr.	November 1985	June 1989
Robert Morris Acting	June 1989	May 1990
Jerry Jennings Acting	May 1990	August 1990
Wallace E. Stickney	August 1990	Jan 20, 1993
William Tidball Interim	January 20, 1993	April five, 1993
James Lee Witt	Apr five, 1993	January 20, 2001
John Magaw Acting	Jan 20, 2001	February fifteen, 2001
Joe Allbaugh	Feb fifteen, 2001	April 15, 2003
Director of the Federal Emergency Direction Bureau (and Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Emergency Preparedness and Response)
Officeholder	From	To
Michael D. Brown	April fifteen, 2003	September 12, 2005
David Paulison Acting	September 12, 2005	June eight, 2006
Manager of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (and Under Secretarial assistant of Homeland Security for Federal Emergency Management)
Officer	From	To
David Paulison	June 8, 2006	March 31, 2007
Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (within the Section of Homeland Security)
Officeholder	From	To
David Paulison	March 31, 2007	Jan 21, 2009
Nancy L. Ward Acting	January 21, 2009	May 19, 2009
Craig Fugate	May 19, 2009	January 20, 2017
Bob Fenton Acting	January 20, 2017	June 23, 2017
Brock Long	June 23, 2017	March viii, 2019
Pete Gaynor Acting: March eight, 2019 – January 14, 2020	March eight, 2019	January 12, 2021
Bob Fenton Acting	January 12, 2021	Apr 26, 2021
Deanne Criswell	Apr 26, 2021	present

Come across also [edit]

United states ceremonious defence force
Federal Civil Defence Authority
FEMA camps conspiracy theory
FEMA photo library
National Emergency Technology Guard
PDD-62, the National Security Directive defining FEMA'southward counterterrorism jurisdiction
Ceremonious defense by state
Civil Contingencies Secretariat, British analogue emergency management agency
Emergency Preparedness Canada, Canadian counterpart emergency management agency
National Disaster Medical System
Disaster Medical Assistance Teams
Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams
Integrated Public Alert and Warning Organisation
Sea level rising

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b "Executive Gild 12127—Federal Emergency Management Agency". Federation of American Scientists.
^ ^a ^b "Department of Homeland Security Federal Emergency Management Bureau, Fiscal Year 2018".
^ "Increased FEMA budget part of President's 2016 proposal". February 5, 2015. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
^ "11 years afterward Katrina, FEMA has learned from its failures".
^ "The Federal Emergency Management Agency" (PDF). Fema.gov. November 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
^ History of Federal Domestic Disaster Assistance Before the Ceremonious State of war Archived December 14, 2011, at the Wayback Auto, Biot Study #379: July 24, 2006. Suburban Emergency Management Project.
^ "Guide to House Records: Affiliate 23 Ford's Theater Disaster". Athenaeum.gov. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
^ Article on the RFC from EH.Net's Encyclopedia. Archived Oct 29, 2013, at the Wayback Automobile
^ The states Fish and Wildlife Service. "Overflowing Control Act of 1944". Digest of Federal Resources Laws of Interest to the U.Due south. Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved August 9, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Records of the Federal Emergency Direction Agency [FEMA]". National Archives. U.Southward. Government. August 15, 2016.
^ ^a ^b "FEMA History" Archived May ix, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Federal Emergency Management Bureau.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bea, Keith, "Proposed Transfer of FEMA to the Department of Homeland Security", Order Code RL31510 (updated July 29, 2002), Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service: Library of Congress.
^ ^a ^b Falkenrath, Richard S., "Problems of Preparedness: U.S. Readiness for a Domestic Terrorist Attack" (2001)International Security, Boston.
^ ^a ^b "President Clinton Raises FEMA Manager to Cabinet Status" (Press release). Federal Emergency Management Bureau. Feb 26, 1996. Archived from the original on January xvi, 1997. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Fowler, Daniel (November xix, 2008). "Emergency Managers Get in Official: They Want FEMA Out of DHS". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on November 29, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2010. During the Clinton administration, FEMA Ambassador James Lee Witt met with the chiffonier. His successor in the Bush administration, Joe M. Allbaugh, did non. (Archived past WebCite at )
^ Murry, Justin (updated July 10, 2006). "Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Legislation for Disaster Assistance: Summary Information FY1989 to FY2006", CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service: The Library of Congress.
^ "Should FEMA Remain Part Of Homeland Security?". NPR.org . Retrieved September 21, 2021.
^ "History of Emergency Direction". slcoem.org . Retrieved September 21, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Grunwald, Michael; Glasser, Susan (Dec 23, 2005). "Dark-brown's Turf Wars Sapped FEMA's Strength". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved Apr 18, 2007.
^ Senate Bipartisan Committee (Feb xv, 2006), "The Terminal Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina, U.S. Government Press Function: Washington, D.C.
^ Senate Bipartisan Committee, 2006, p. 208.
^ "Build A Kit | Ready.gov". Set.gov. Archived from the original on Nov 1, 2016. Retrieved Oct 31, 2016.
^ "Make A Plan | Fix.gov". Fix.gov . Retrieved Oct 31, 2016.
^ "Almost the Ready Campaign | Ready.gov". Fix.gov . Retrieved Oct 31, 2016.
^ "Emergency Preparedness". AdCouncil . Retrieved October 31, 2016.
^ "Surge Capacity Force". Jan 30, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
^ Devan Cole (March 22, 2020). "Illinois governor says 'information technology'southward a wild w' for medical supplies because of Trump's response to states' requests". CNN. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Serving America's Disaster Victims: FEMA Where Does it Fit? Homeland Security Policy Establish. January xiii, 2009.
^ "Hurricane Sandy Anniversary 2014: Billions Of Dollars In Federal Help Still Unpaid". International Business concern Times. October 29, 2014.
^ "FY2015 FEMA Budget". C-span.org.
^ "FEMA Wasted Billions on Authoritative Costs". Thefiscaltimes.com.
^ "Why New Jersey Got Billions Less Than New York in FEMA Disaster Assistance Later Sandy – NJ Spotlight". Njspotlight.com. July ix, 2015.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July fifteen, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2018. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Mitigation". Federal Emergency Direction Agency. Archived July one, 2012, at the Wayback Car
^ ^a ^b "FEMA'due south Mitigation Directorate Fact Sheet". Federal Emergency Management Bureau.
^ HAZUS Archived July 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine is a figurer model for hurricane, earthquake, and overflowing damage estimates.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2016. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Grant Plan Comparison: Mitigation Division Grant Programs". Archived October 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Debt-Laden FEMA Is Slow To Act On Program That Buys Flooded Houses
^ Planet Money - Episode 797: Flood Money
^ "National Response Framework : 2d Edition" (PDF). Fema.gov. May 2013. Retrieved Oct 3, 2018.
^ "FEMA'due south Country-of-the-Art National Response Coordination Center". 2002-2009-fpc.state.gov. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
^ National Response Framework. May 2013. p. 43.
^ "National Response Coordination Center: It Takes A Whole Community for Response". Fema.gov . Retrieved December xvi, 2017.
^ "Homeland Security Today: FEMA Monitors Colorado Flooding; Supports State, Local Response". HSToday.us. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
^ Hither's what Vail learned when it tried out the "Presidential Alert" messaging system FEMA volition test Wednesday Denver Post, 2018-10-01.
^ "Presidential alert" sounds off on mobile phones nationwide Denver Post, 2018-x-03.
^ FEMA, DHS "Planning Guidance for Protection and Recovery Post-obit RDD and IND incidents" Archived May eighteen, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July half-dozen, 2011.
^ "Nuclear Attack Planning Base of operations – 1990.
^ Bumstead, Pamela (December 6, 1985). NUCLEAR WINTER: THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF Man SURVIVAL (PDF). 84th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association.
^ Limardo, Jessica. "Offset FEMA Incident Workforce Academy class graduates" Archived Feb xiii, 2014, at annal.today. BioPrepWatch. Feb xiii, 2014. (Retrieved February 13, 2014).
^ "Emergency Management Institute (EMI) – EMI Programs and Activities". Training.fema.gov. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
^ "Emergency Management". Frederick.edu. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
^ Announcing the Cosmos of FEMA Corps. FEMA.gov (June 16, 2012). Retrieved Baronial 16, 2013.
^ Welcome to the FEMA Corps Inaugural Class |Homeland Security. Dhs.gov (September xiv, 2012). Retrieved Baronial xvi, 2013.
^ "Lord's day-Sentry Investigation: FEMA". Sun-Sentinel . Retrieved Apr 18, 2007.
^ Kestin, Emerge; O'Matz, Megan (October 10, 2004). "FEMA Gave $21 Million in Miami-Dade, Where Storms Were 'Similar a Astringent Thunderstorm'". Sun-Watch . Retrieved Apr 18, 2007.
^ Kestin, Emerge (June viii, 2005). "Homestead Women Sentenced to Probation for Cheating FEMA". Sun-Sentinel . Retrieved Apr 18, 2007.
^ Kestin, Sally (Baronial 10, 2005). "FEMA Paid for at Least 203 Funerals Not Related to 2004 Hurricanes". Sun-Lookout . Retrieved April xviii, 2007.
^ "Q. 16, Short EAF (Part 1) 100 Yr Flood Plainly - NYS Dept. Of Ecology Conservation." n.d. World wide web.dec.ny.gov. Accessed November 18, 2021. https://world wide web.december.ny.gov/permits/90565.html.
^ Flavelle, Christopher. 2021. "The Toll of Insuring Expensive Waterfront Homes Is about to Skyrocket." The New York Times, September 24, 2021, sec. Climate. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/24/climate/federal-flood-insurance-cost.html?searchResultPosition=4.
^ "FEMA's Flood Insurance Organisation, Prices Changing." 2021. Newscentermaine.com. 2021. https://world wide web.newscentermaine.com/article/tech/science/environment/femas-flood-insurance-system-prices-changing/97-75693fbc-a012-4649-af4c-2a9003e8edb0.
^ "How FEMA's New Flood Insurance Rules Bear upon Nebraska, Iowa." northward.d. World wide web.msn.com. Accessed Nov 18, 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-u.s.a./news/the states/how-fema-e2-80-99s-new-flood-insurance-rules-impact-nebraska-iowa/ar-AAQzeKf?ocid=Bing NewsSearch.
^ "Executive Summary, Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Training for and Response to Hurricane Katrina" Archived February eleven, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. February 15, 2006. U.S. Authorities Printing Office. Retrieved June eleven, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "FEMA, Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Grooming for and Response to Hurricane Katrina" Archived March ii, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Feb 15, 2006. U.S. Government Press Role. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
^ Duval, Stanwood R. Jr.; United States District Court; Eastern District of Louisiana (December 12, 2005). ""Order of Dec 12, 2005" (Rec. Doc. No. 63)" (PDF). USCourts.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2007. Retrieved April xviii, 2007. "Beatrice B. Mcwaters, et al. five. Federal Emergency Management Section 'K' (3)" (No. 05-5488)
^ Duval, Stanwood R. Jr.; United States District Courtroom; Eastern District of Louisiana. ""Modified Order of Jan 12, 2006" (Ref. Doc. No. 74)" (PDF). USCourts.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on Apr fifteen, 2007. Retrieved April eighteen, 2007. "Beatrice B. Mcwaters, et al. v. Federal Emergency Management Section 'K' (iii)" (No. 05-5488)
^ "FEMA To Melt Ice Stored Since Katrina" Archived November 8, 2013, at the Wayback Car. CBS News.
^ FEMA Gives Away $85 Million of Supplies for Katrina Victims". CNN.
^ "FEMA Replies to Unjustified Claims Regarding FEMA'due south Response To Early Snowstorm In Western New York". Federal Emergency Management Agency. Archived January 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Ark. Pols Blast FEMA for Tornado Response". USA Today.
^ "FEMA Stages Press Conference: Staff Pose Every bit Journalists And Ask 'Softball' Questions". ThinkProgress.org. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved Apr eighteen, 2016.
^ Ripley, Amanda (October 28, 2007). "Why FEMA Fakes It with the Press". Time.
^ ^a ^b [1]^{[ dead link ]}
^ "Are Hurricane Maria Survivors Getting 'Skittle Meals' From The Government?". Snopes.com. October 16, 2017. Retrieved Oct 17, 2017.
^ Walsh, Deirdre (September 26, 2017). "Ryan says Puerto Rico volition get aid, calls situation 'a humanitarian crisis'". Cnn.com . Retrieved Oct 17, 2017.
^ Campbell, Alexia Fernandez (October 16, 2017). "FEMA has yet to authorize full disaster help for Puerto Rico". Phonation.com . Retrieved October 17, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Achenbach, Joel; Hernández, Arelis R. (October 9, 2017). "FEMA administrator: Puerto Rico's politics, lack of unity, hindering hurricane response". Retrieved Dec 16, 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
^ "Port of PONCE (PR PSE) details – Departures, Expected Arrivals and Port Calls – AIS Marine Traffic". MarineTraffic.com . Retrieved December sixteen, 2017.
^ Jacobs, Jennifer; Flavelle, Christopher (February 13, 2019). "FEMA Chief Brock Long Leaving Agency He Led Through Deadly Storms". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved May three, 2020. Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen said that Long would have to reimburse the government for the cost of the vehicles and staff involved in the trips, many of which were between Washington and his home in North Carolina. The report puts that cost at $151,000.
^ Reid, Paula (April viii, 2019). "DHS Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen speaks for start fourth dimension since resignation declaration". CBS News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Historic Hurricane Harvey's Recap". Conditions.com. September 2, 2017. Retrieved Dec 2, 2017.
^ "Texas Hurricane Harvey (DR-4332) – FEMA.gov". Fema.gov . Retrieved December sixteen, 2017.
^ AJ Willingham. "A wait at iv storms from one fell hurricane season". Cnn.com . Retrieved December 16, 2017.
^ "Hurricane Flavor 2017 – OCHA". UNOCHA.org. September 20, 2017. Retrieved December xvi, 2017.
^ Levey, Noam (April 7, 2020). "Hospitals say feds are seizing masks and other coronavirus supplies without a word". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ Pereira, Alyssa (April 24, 2020). "Breed says SF's PPE orders have been diverted to France and 'confiscated' by FEMA". SFGate. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ Stout, Matt; McGrane, Victoria (March 27, 2020). "In state'southward intense chase for protective equipment, coronavirus isn't the only rival — the feds are, likewise". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April xviii, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ Asiamah, Nancy (April 3, 2020). "three million masks ordered by Massachusetts were seized at Port of NY in March". WWLP 22 News. Boston, Massachusetts. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
^ Wingerter, Justin (April 8, 2020). "Feds sending 100 ventilators to Colorado, Trump says". The Denver Mail. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020. FEMA bought 500 ventilators out from under state, governor said terminal week
^ Morfitt, Karen (May 1, 2020). "'Information technology's A Global Free For All': Gov. Polis Says He'southward Making Coronavirus Supply Purchases In Secret". CBS4 Denver. Denver, Colorado. Archived from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020. Final month the governor fabricated claims that FEMA swooped in to obtain ventilators he thought were coming to Colorado. He says now they're careful to keep all purchases under wraps.
^ ^a ^b Papenfuss, Mary (April 25, 2020). "FEMA Reportedly Took The v Million Masks Ordered For Veterans To Send To Stockpile". Huffington Mail service. Archived from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved May v, 2020. FEMA instructed vendors with protective equipment ordered by the Veterans Assistants to send the shipments instead to the stockpile.
^ Settle, Allen (1985). "Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery". Public Administration Review. 45: 101–106. doi:10.2307/3135004. JSTOR 3135004. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
^ Settle, Allen (1985). "Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery". Public Administration Review. 45: 101–106. doi:10.2307/3135004. JSTOR 3135004. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
^ ^a ^b Settle, Allen K. "Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery." Public Administration Review, vol. 45, 1985, pp. 101–106. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135004.

External links [edit]

Official website
Federal Emergency Direction Bureau in the Federal Annals
Works by or about Federal Emergency Direction Agency at Cyberspace Archive
"FEMA Taking Shelter From the Tempest". Fema.gov . Retrieved March six, 2019. – safe room structure plans

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency

Posted by: monroebestudy.blogspot.com